Aad goudriaan biography definition
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Backus and Goudriaan. Semi-Pelagianism. The origins of the term and its pasage into the history of heresy
Jnl of Ecclesiastical History, Vol. , No. , January . © Cambridge University Press doi:./S ‘Semipelagianism’: The Origins of the Term and its Passage into the History of Heresy by IRENA BACKUS and AZA GOUDRIAAN University of Geneva VU University Amsterdam E-mails: Irena.Backus@unige.ch a.goudriaan@vu.nl The term ‘Semipelagianism’ is usually taken to refer to fifth- and sixth-century teachings of Hadrumetum and Massilian monks. The term originated, however, with sixteenth-century Protestants who used it to describe a view of salvation by human effort in combination with grace. Theodore Beza invented the term in about , applying it to the Roman Catholic view of grace and human will. The Lutheran Formula of Concord () used it to designate Lutheran synergists. Initially, therefore, the term referred to contemporaneous teachings. Starting
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Reading between the lines
1This paper was originally delivered in a seminar at the École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales, June, 2000. It was the last of four lectures.1
2In my presentations to the seminar I tried to examine the issue of rituals and the transfer of rites from a number of perspectives. I began by suggesting that the ritual culture of medieval India was ‘eclectic’; groups self-consciously used rituals that they knew were not their own. They retained their ritual integrity by such strategies as subordinating these alien rituals to their own unique rituals or avowing that other mantras, other rituals are somehow accomplished through the practice of the unique mantras and rituals they themselves are offering. In this ritually eclectic environment rituals did not serve as hard and fast markers of religious affiliation or group identity (Granoff 2000).
3In my second presentation I discussed cases in which rituals could do just that. I focussed on intra-sect
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Gisbertus Voetius
Dutch theologian
Gisbertus Voetius (Latinized version of the Dutch name Gijsbert Voet[ˈɣɛizbərtˈfut]; 3 March 1589 – 1 November 1676) was a DutchCalvinisttheologian.
Life
[edit]He was born at Heusden, in the Dutch Republic, studied at Leiden, and in 1611 became Protestant pastor of Vlijmen, whence in 1617 he returned to Heusden. In 1619, he played an influential part in the Synod of Dort, at which he was the youngest delegate.[1] In 1634, Voetius was made professor of theology and Oriental science at the University of Utrecht. Three years later he became pastor of the Utrecht congregation. He was an advocate of a strong form of Calvinism (Gomarism) against the Arminians. The city of Utrecht perpetuated his memory by giving his name to the street in which he had lived.[2]
Utrecht controversy with Descartes
[edit]In March 1642, while serving as rector of the University of Utrecht, Voetius persuaded the university's academi